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Impacts of de-icing salt pollution on urban road greenspace: a case study of Beijing

Zhouyuan LI,Yingmei LIANG,Junhui ZHOU,Xiao SUN

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第5期页码 747-756 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0644-2

摘要： De-icing salt contamination of urban soil and greenspace has been a common issue of concern in many countries for years. In the 2009/2010 winter, Beijing experienced a contamination accident resulting from the overuse of de-icing salt, reported as almost 30000 tons, which severely damaged urban vegetation alongside roadways. The methods of sampling and rating for both soil contamination and response of the plant populations were developed to rapidly assess this emergency environmental event. Results showed that the shrubs were more severely damaged than the arbors in terms of both degree and extent, as almost all of the surveyed shrubs were severely damaged from the salt contamination, while only about 1/4 of the recorded arbors were rated as “severely injured” according to the integral plant injury index. The rating of the injury level showed that the trees like a, , and the shrubs like , showed less tolerance to de-icing salt pollution. The patterns of vegetation damage demonstrated that the ever-green shrubs alongside roads and the deciduous arbors in the center of roads were most vulnerable to the salt damage.

关键词： de-icing salt environmental impact assessment urban ecology greenspace

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盐湖农业及其发展战略研究

孔凡晶,郑绵平,张洪霞,李真,王利伟

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第1期页码 148-152 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.01.021

摘要：

我国是多盐湖国家，拥有丰富的盐沼带及咸水资源，发展盐湖农业对于荒漠化治理、生态环境保护，对发展西部落后地区经济，开拓具有干旱、半干旱地区特色农业，具有现实和长远战略意义。随着全球人口增长，粮食短缺，淡水资源缺乏，充分利用咸水资源及盐碱地资源发展盐湖农业对保障人类食品安全十分必要。本文梳理了近年来在盐湖农业方面的认识及发展成果，指出发展盐湖农业存在的问题，并提出把盐湖农业列入国家科技规划、对盐湖流域盐碱地进行功能区划等创新驱动盐湖农业发展建议。

关键词：盐湖农业盐湖生态系统盐湖生物

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Caloric evaporation of the brine in Zangnan Salt Lake

Shiqiang WANG, Yafei GUO, Nan ZHANG, Lingzhong BU, Tianlong DENG, Mianping ZHENG

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第3期页码 343-348 doi: 10.1007/s11705-010-1029-0

摘要： Zangnan Salt Lake on the south of the Tibet is a type of carbonate lake with high concentrations of lithium, boron, and potassium and obviously it differs from seawater in its chemical composition. An experimental simulation of the caloric evaporation of the lake’s brine was conducted by first freezing the brine and then performing isothermal evaporation at 288.15 K. The freezing path and the physicochemical properties of the brine were determined. The crystallization sequence was natron, hydrohalite, halite, sylvite, zabuyelite, trona, aphthitalite, thermonatrite, and borax. Rubidium and cesium salts did not crystallized out but concentrated in the mother solution. The physicochemical properties (density, refractive index, conductivity, and pH) of the liquid phase changed as the evaporation progressed. In the beginning of the evaporation processes, the concentration of potassium ions in the liquid phase gradually increased but later it decreased. A peak value of 55.21 g/L was obtained when the evaporation was 88% complete. When the mineral aphthitalite began to crystallize; the concentrations of B O , Li , Rb , and Cs gradually increased as the evaporation progressed. When the evaporation was 98% complete, their concentrations in the mother liquor were 40.77 g/L, 4.838 g/L, 400.17 mg/L and 31.95 mg/L, respectively. This essential fundamental study can provide an important reference for the comprehensive utilization of brines in Zangnan Salt Lake.

关键词： Zangnan Salt Lake evaporation crystallization path freezing

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全静压受感器冰风洞试验技术研究

彭又新,郑莉,林贵平

《中国工程科学》 2009年第11卷第11期页码 51-55

摘要：

主要论述了全静压受感器的冰风洞试验技术，着重介绍了该仪器的冰风洞试验项目、试验条件及参数测量校准方法，并从航空仪器仪表公司的冰风洞的自身特点出发，论述了该仪器冰风洞试验的效果及据此提出的改进建议，为今后国内对相应的小型仪器仪表或缩比模型进行冰风洞试验提供了一定的参考价值。

关键词：全静压受感器冰风洞试验防冰

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Decolorization of azo dyes by a salt-tolerant

Bin YAN, Cuihong DU, Meilan XU, Wenchao LIAO

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第6期页码 806-814 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0453-4

摘要： The salt-tolerant strain, isolated from textile wastewater, has been found effective on decolorizing several kinds of azo dyes with different structures. The optimal conditions for azo dye acid red B (ARB) decolorization by were determined to be pH= 7.0 and 30°C. The decolorization efficiency increased with the increase of the salinity concentration, and around 90% of ARB (100 mg·L ) could be decolorized in 24 h when the salinity concentration was up to 50 g·L . Moreover, the strain could still decolorize 19% of ARB in 24 h even when the NaCl concentration was increased to 150 g·L . Meanwhile, the dependence of the specific decolorization rate by on the ARB concentration could be described with Michaelis-Menten kinetics ( = 585.7 mg·L , = 109.8 mg·g cell ·h ). The addition of quinone redox mediator, named 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate, significantly accelerated the decolorization performance of . Furtherly, the activities of azoreductase (0.55 μmol·mg protein ·min ) and Nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide-dichlorophenol indophenol (NADH-DCIP) reductase (8.9 μmol·mg protein ·min ) have been observed in the crude cell extracts of . The decolorization products of ARB were analyzed by HPLC-MS, and the results indicated the reductive pathway was responsible for azo dye decolorization by .

关键词： Staphylococcus cohnii decolorization salt azoreductase Nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide-dichlorophenol indophenol (NADH-DCIP) reductase

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Assessment of future climate change impacts on water-heat-salt migration in unsaturated frozen soil using

Hanli Wan, Jianmin Bian, Han Zhang, Yihan Li

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1302-5

摘要： Abstract • A model coupling water-heat-salt of unsaturated frozen soil was established. • Future temperature, precipitation, and evaporation increase in freeze–thaw period. • Soil water, heat, and salt transport are closely coupled during freeze–thaw period. • Freeze–thaw cycles and future climate change can exacerbate salinization. The transport mechanisms of water, heat, and salt in unsaturated frozen soil, as well as its response to future climate change are in urgent need of study. In this study, western Jilin Province in north-eastern China was studied to produce a model of coupled water-heat-salt in unsaturated frozen soil using CoupModel. The water, heat, and salt dynamics of unsaturated frozen soil under three representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios were simulated to analyze the effects of future climate change on unsaturated frozen soil. The results show that water, heat, and salt migration are tightly coupled, and the soil salt concentration in the surface layer (10 cm) exhibits explosive growth after freezing and thawing. The future (2020–2099) meteorological factors in the study area were predicted using the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM). For RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios, future temperatures during the freeze–thaw period increased by 2.68°C, 3.18°C, and 4.28°C, respectively; precipitation increased by 30.28 mm, 28.41 mm, and 32.17 mm, respectively; and evaporation increased by 93.57 mm, 106.95 mm, and 130.57 mm, respectively. Climate change will shorten the freeze–thaw period, advance the soil melting time from April to March, and enhance water and salt transport. Compared to the baseline period (1961–2005), future soil salt concentrations at 10 cm increased by 1547.54 mg/L, 1762.86 mg/L, and 1713.66 mg/L under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, respectively. The explosive salt accumulation is more obvious. Effective measures should be taken to prevent the salinization of unsaturated frozen soils and address climate change.

关键词： Soil salinization Climate change Unsaturated frozen soil Water-heat-salt balance Soil environment change

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Hydraulic properties of typical salt-affected soils in Jiangsu Province, China

CHEN Xiaomin, SHEN Qirong, XU Yangchun

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第4期页码 443-447 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0070-9

摘要： Every year about 1,500 ha of land is reclaimed from the sea along the coastline of Jiangsu Province, China. It is important to characterize the hydraulic properties of this reclaimed land to be able to predict and manage salt and wa

关键词： hydraulic Jiangsu Province coastline important reclaimed

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土壤水盐定向迁移及排盐新模式研究

周和平,彭立新,徐小波

《中国工程科学》 2007年第9卷第11期页码 120-126

摘要：

综述了我国盐碱地改良技术现状；研究了干旱地区节水灌溉条件下农田不同地面条件土壤水盐定向迁移特征，提出了“盐分上移地表排”的排盐模式，对我国干旱农业灌区盐碱地改良治理新方法的研究探索具有现实意义。

关键词：土壤水盐定向迁移排盐新模式旱区

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Analyzing and quantitatively evaluating the organic matter source at different ecologic zones of tidal salt

GAO Jianhua, YANG Guishan, OU Weixin

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第1期页码 81-88 doi: 10.1007/s11783-008-0016-x

摘要： In order to explore the effect of different ecological zones and their above plants in the organic matter cycling of the whole tidal salt marsh, indicators such as total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratio, ?C and ?N of surface, core sediments, and plants of tidal salt marshes in North Jiangsu Province are analyzed. Subsequently, distribution regularities of these measurement indicators are discussed, and the biogeochemistry processes between sediments and plants are also analyzed. Lastly, the organic matter sources of different ecologic zones in tidal salt marsh are evaluated, and the organic matter accumulations in different ecologic zones induced by their plants are also compared. These results indicate that TOC, TN, C/N ratio and C showed obvious zonal distribution. The organic matter sources are dominated by marine input in the silt flat, flat, and the transition zone between silt and flat, and are controlled by terrigenous input in s flat. plays an important role in the accumulation of organic matter in the whole tidal salt marshes ecosystem. In the study area, the annually increased TOC, organic matter and TN in the , and reed flats reach 6,451, 12,043 and 536 t, respectively. The amount of TOC, organic matter and TN accumulated in the flat is more than that in other ecological zones, which shows that the flat exert a non-replaceable effect on the material cycle and exchange in the whole tidal salt marshes ecosystem.

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循环热载体无烟燃烧技术的试验研究

何方,王华,戴永年

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第7期页码 65-69

摘要：

提出了一个基于熔融盐循环热载体的无烟燃烧技术，即把一个燃烧过程分为氧化剂生成和燃料燃烧两个步骤进行，燃烧过程能使助燃空气中的N2和燃烧产生的CO2在一套反应装置中进行分离，得到较高纯度的N2和CO2，N2可回收利用，CO2则可捕集起来安全封存。整个燃烧过程避免了向大气排放有害气体；以CuO为催化剂，对CH4在Li2CO3-K2CO3-Na2SO4熔盐体系中的熔融燃烧过程进行的试验研究结果表明，CH4能在该熔融盐体系中能完成无烟燃烧过程并放出热，失去晶格氧的CuO能与空气反应重新恢复其晶格氧，气相色谱分析结果显示，理想的反应条件下, 得到的N2的纯度为99.3%以上，CO2的纯度为95.1%以上。

关键词：无烟燃烧技术熔融盐温室气体

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Phenomena identification and ranking table exercise for thorium based molten salt reactor-solid fuel

Xiaojing LIU, Qi WANG, Zhaozhong HE, Kun CHEN, Xu CHENG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期页码 707-714 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0616-0

摘要： Thorium based molten salt reactor-solid fuel (TMSR-SF) design is an innovative reactor concept that uses high-temperature tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) fuel with a low-pressure liquid salt coolant. In anticipation of getting licensed applications for TMSR-SF in the future, it is necessary to fully understand the significant features and phenomena of TMSR-SF design, as well as its transient behavior during accidents. In this paper, the safety-relevant phenomena, importance, and knowledge base were assessed for the selected events and the transient of TMSR-SF during station blackout scenario is simulated based on RELAP/SCDAPSIM Mod 4.0. The phenomena having significant impact but with limited knowledge of their history are core coolant bypass flows, outlet plenum flow distribution, and intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) over/under cooling transients. Some thermal hydraulic parameters during the station blackout scenario are also discussed.

关键词： phenomena identification and ranking table (PIRT) thorium based molten salt reactor-solid fuel (TMSR-SF) safety analysis RELAP/SCDAPSIM

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Corrosion behavior of Fe–Cr–Ni based alloys exposed to molten MgCl₂–KCl–NaCl salt with over-added

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第10期页码 1608-1619 doi: 10.1007/s11705-023-2349-1

摘要： MgCl₂–NaCl–KCl salts mixture shows great potential as a high-temperature (> 700 °C) thermal energy storage material in next-generation concentrated solar power plants. Adding Mg into molten MgCl₂–NaCl–KCl salt as a corrosion inhibitor is one of the most effective and cost-effective methods to mitigate the molten salt corrosion of commercial Fe–Cr–Ni alloys. However, it is found in this work that both stainless steel 310 and Incoloy 800H samples were severely corroded after 500 h immersion test at 700 °C when the alloy samples directly contacted with the over-added Mg in the liquid form. The corrosion attack is different from the classical impurity-driven corrosion in molten chloride salts found in previous work. Microscopic analysis indicates that Ni preferentially leaches out of alloy matrix due to the tendency to form MgNi₂/Mg₂Ni compounds. The Ni-depletion leads to the formation of a porous corrosion layer on both alloys, with the thickness around 204 µm (stainless steel 310) and 1300 µm (Incoloy 800H), respectively. These results suggest that direct contact of liquid Mg with Ni-containing alloys should be avoided during using Mg as a corrosion inhibitor for MgCl₂–NaCl–KCl or other chlorides for high temperature heat storage and transfer.

关键词： concentrated solar power (CSP) Mg corrosion inhibitor Mg–Ni intermetallic salt purification thermal energy storage (TES)

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中国深部地下空间储能的理论和技术挑战 Review

杨春和, 王同涛, 陈海生

《工程（英文）》 2023年第25卷第6期页码 168-181 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.06.021

摘要：

Deep underground energy storage is the use of deep underground spaces for large-scale energy storage, which is an important way to provide a stable supply of clean energy, enable a strategic petroleum reserve, and promote the peak shaving of natural gas. Rock salt formations are ideal geological media for large-scale energy storage, and China is rich in salt rock resources and has a major shortage of energy storage space. Compared with the salt domes in other countries, the salt rock formations in China are typical lacustrine bedded salt rocks characterized by thin beds, high impurity content, and many interlayers. The development of large-scale energy storage in such salt formations presents scientific and technical challenges, including: ① developing a multiscale progressive failure and characterization method for the rock mass around an energy storage cavern, considering the effects of multifield and multiphase coupling; ② understanding the leakage evolution of large-scale deep underground energy storage caverns; ③ understanding the long-term performance evolution of large-scale deep underground energy storage caverns; ④ developing intelligent construction technologies for the deep underground salt caverns used for energy storage; and ⑤ ensuring the long-term function of deep underground energy storage spaces. The solution to these key scientific and technological problems lies in establishing a theoretical and technical foundation for the development of large-scale deep underground energy storage in China.

关键词： Energy reserves Deep underground energy storage Bedded rock salt Salt cavern Rock mechanics

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Sea salt bittern-driven forward osmosis for nutrient recovery from black water: A dual waste-to-resource

Wenchao Xue, May Zaw, Xiaochan An, Yunxia Hu, Allan Sriratana Tabucanon

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-019-1211-7

摘要： • A dual “waste-to-resource” application of FO was proposed. • Performance of sea salt bittern as an economic FO draw solution was evaluated. • High quality struvite recovery from black water using FO was demonstrated. • Feed pH is a key factor to control the form of recovered phosphorous. A dual “waste-to-resource” innovation in nutrient enrichment and recovery from domestic black water using a sea salt bittern (SSB)-driven forward osmosis (FO) process is proposed and demonstrated. The performance of SSB as a “waste-to-resource” draw solution for FO was first evaluated. A synthetic SSB-driven FO provided a water flux of 25.67±3.36 L/m2⋅h, which was 1.5‒1.7 times compared with synthetic seawater, 1 M NaCl, and 1 M MgCl2. Slightly compromised performance regarding reverse solute selectivity was observed. In compensation, the enhanced reverse diffusion of Mg2+ suggested superior potential in terms of recovering nutrients in the form of struvite precipitation. The nutrient enrichment was performed using both the pre-filtered influent and effluent of a domestic septic tank. Over 80% of phosphate-P recovery was achieved from both low- and high-strength black water at a feed volume reduction up to 80%‒90%. With an elevated feed pH (~9), approximately 60%‒85% enriched phosphate-P was able to be recovered in the form of precipitated stuvite. Whereas the enrichment performance of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) largely differed depending on the strength of black water. Improved concentration factor (i.e., 3-folds) and retention (>60%) of TKN was obtained in the high-nutrient-strength black water at a feed volume reduction of 80%, in comparison with a weak TKN enrichment observed in low-strength black water. The results suggested a good potential for nutrient recovery based on this dual “waste-to-resource” FO system with proper management of membrane cleaning.

关键词： Forward osmosis Sea salt bittern Black water Nutrient recovery pH

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钍基熔盐堆材料发展战略

周兴泰,李志军,陆燕玲,黄鹤飞,贺周同,戴志敏,徐洪杰

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第1期页码 29-38 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.01.005

摘要：

作为第四代核裂变反应堆之一，熔盐堆由于其高的能量转换效率、固有安全性、适合钍燃料的利用等优越性，在世界范围内受到越来越多的关注。熔盐堆主要构件需要在高温、氟化物熔盐腐蚀及中子辐照等极端工作环境下长期稳定、安全有效地工作，因而对其所用材料提出了极大的挑战。本文从熔盐堆工况特点及其对材料的基本需求出发，描述了熔盐堆关键材料（包括合金结构材料及核石墨）的发展历程、现状及存在的问题，特别指出了针对目前实验堆建设阶段需要解决的关键科学技术问题，围绕熔盐堆研发计划，规划了熔盐堆材料未来的发展方向及路线图。

关键词：熔盐堆高温材料材料–熔盐相容性辐照效应